| 精密机械加工如何控制精度！ |
| 添加时间：2017/8/31 16:16:21 浏览次数： |
| 机械加工行业领域，图纸精密尺寸控制起着至关重要的作用，它直接影响着机械设备的装配性能以及质量。而精密机械加工中影响尺寸主要因素是误差问题，由于误差问题受多种因素的影响，在机精密械加工就会不可避免的出现各种误差问题，因此只有采用各种技术措施，将精度控制在一个科学的范围内。这需要技术人员严格的按照生产图纸加工，严格要求机械加工工艺流程，这样才能最大程度上保证精密机械加工生产图纸尺寸的精度。 In the field of machining industry, the precision size control of the drawing plays an important role, which directly affects the assembly performance and quality of mechanical equipment. And precision machining of the main factors influencing size is error, due to the error problem is influenced by many factors, the machine precision machinery processing error will inevitably appear all sorts of problems, so only used in a variety of technical measures, the accuracy control in the range of a science. This requires technicians to strictly follow the production drawing process and strictly require the mechanical process flow, so as to ensure the precision of the precision machined production drawing. 中国论文网 http://www.xzbu.com/8/view-6465024.htm Net of paper of Chinese http://www.xzbu.com/8/view-6465024.htm 在社会经济以及工业改革飞速发展的今天，精密机械加工所扮演的角色已经越来越重要了，而我国机械加工行业也取得了很大的进步，不仅质量得到了极大的提升，在生产规模上也大大的扩展了。而随着工业化进程的发展，对于精密机械加工的精度问题也越来越重视，因此，一定要加强机械加工过程中对精度的控制（精密机械加工的过程中，对于精度的控制问题必须十分重视，并且针对出现的问题采取合理的技术措施解决。 In the rapid development of social economy and industrial reform today, the role of the precision machining has been more and more important, and the machining industry in our country has made great progress, not only greatly improve the quality, on the scale of production is also greatly expanded. But with the development of the industrialization process, for precision machining accuracy problem is becoming more and more attention, therefore, must strengthen in the process of machining of precision control (precision machining process, the precision of the control problem must attach great importance to, and to take reasonable technical measures to solve the problems of. 机械加工的内容以及影响因素：机械加工的内容了解 The content of machining and influencing factors: the content of mechanical processing 国内的机械加工领域，对于机械加工的精度有着明确的定义，它指的是专业的技术人员在机械零件加工完成以后，利用仪器对零件的位置$形状、尺寸以及相关的数据进行检测，从而确定零件的符合程度。一般来说，对机械加工精度造成影响的主要因素是机械加工中产生的各种误差，技术加工的操作人员以及技术单位必须对此问题十分重视。在机械加工中对于精度的控制以及把握与机械加工的误差问题相比，有着十分明显的联系。机械加工的误差主要是通过形状、尺寸以及位置来体现的，它是通过利用对机械尺寸的控制来达到控制机械加工精度的目的，在保证机械加工的表层质量的时候，将机械加工的尺寸误差控制在一个合理的范围之内。在机械加工的过程中，由于受到基准以及加工表层的影响，会造成精密零件位置的偏差，因此，对于精密机械加工的垂直度$同轴度、位置度以及平行度，一定要严格的进行控制。 Domestic mechanical processing field, the machining accuracy has a clear definition, it refers to the professional and technical personnel in mechanical parts processing is complete, using the instrument for the location of the parts $shape, size and related data for testing, to determine the parts conform to the degree. In general, the main factors that affect machining accuracy is produced by various error in mechanical processing, technical processing of operating personnel and technology unit must attach great importance to this problem. The control of precision and the error of machining are very obvious in machining. Machining error is mainly through the shape, size and position to reflect, it is through the use of mechanical size control to achieve the purpose of control machining precision, at the time of guarantee the quality of machined surface, the size of the machining error control in a reasonable range. In the process of mechanical processing, due to the benchmark and the influence of the processing surface, can cause precision parts position deviation, therefore, the precision machining of verticality $coaxial degree, location, degree and parallel degree, must be strictly controlled. 影响精密机械加工精度的因素 Factors affecting precision machining precision 精密机械加工过程中，对于各种生产技术以及生产工艺有着严格的要求，从而达到减少甚至消除机械加工技术误差的目的。而在机械加工中主轴回转之间的误差是影响精度的重要因素。在现代的机械生产加工的过程中，由于主轴回转的问题所造成的误差是十分明显的，在高科技以及高精度的产品中有着更加明显的体现，这也是对加工造成影响的重要因素。对于因此产生的误差，可以通过加工和改造机械来降低因此造成的误差。除此之外，还可以采用精度较高的轴承，这样也可以明显的降低因此产生的误差。 In the process of precision machining, there are strict requirements for various production techniques and production processes, thus reducing or even eliminating the mechanical processing technical errors. The error of spindle rotation in machining is an important factor affecting accuracy. In the process of modern machinery manufacturing and processing, due to the problem of spindle caused by the error is obvious, has more obvious in the high-tech and high-precision products, this is also an important factor of affect processing. For the resulting error, the error can be reduced by machining and reforming machinery. In addition, it can also adopt the bearing with high precision, which can obviously reduce the error resulting from it. 除了主轴回转造成的误差外，由于夹具以及刀具的问题而产生的误差也是不容忽视的。由于生产的要求，机械加工厂家会对夹具以及刀具的尺寸、种类和型号进行一定程度上的翻新，这就会对机械加工的精度造成更大的影响。而在实际的加工过程中，使用的夹具以及刀具尺寸都是固定的，这就使得在生产加工的过程中不能调节夹具以及刀具的尺寸。这就会造成在技术参数以及作业环境改变的情况下，使得机械加工产生一定的误差流程。此外，由于使用以及安装夹具、刀具的流程，会使夹具以及刀具的位置发生改变，从而造成误差的出现。当然，切削力也会对机械加工产生一定的影响，从而造成误差的产生，最终会对机械加工的精度。由于受到外界环境以及温度的影响，机械加工的部件很容易会对切削力产生影响。而更大的精度误差则是由工艺系统的局部改变以及整体发生形变的原因引起的。而如果在机械的生产加工过程中，受到加紧度方向的改变以及零件刚度不够的影响，会造成机械加工零件的变形，使得机械加工产生许多的误差，进而影响机械加工的精度控制。 In addition to the error caused by the rotation of spindle, the errors caused by the fixture and the tool can not be ignored. Due to production requirements, the size of the mechanical processing factory on the fixture and tools, to a certain extent, type and model of renovation, this will be a greater influence on the precision of machining. In the actual machining process, the fixture and the cutter size are fixed, which makes the fixture and cutter size cannot be adjusted in the process of production and processing. This can result in a certain error flow in the machining process due to technical parameters and changes in the operating environment. In addition, the process of using and installing jig and tool can change the position of fixture and tool, thus causing error. Of course, the cutting force will also have a certain effect on machining, resulting in the production of errors, which will eventually be accurate to machining. Because of the external environment and temperature, the machined parts can easily affect the cutting force. The larger accuracy error is caused by local changes of the process system and the overall deformation. And if in the process of production and processing machinery, are stepping up change in the direction of degree and the influence of parts rigidity is not enough, will cause the deformation of machining parts, makes the error of machining to produce many, will affect the accuracy of the machining control. 控制机械加工精度的技术措施 Technical measures to control machining precision 在机械的生产加工过程中，对于加工精度的问题必须严格的进行控制，全面的考虑精度问题，因此必须要大大提高各个零件的加工精度，从而达到提升整个机械设备的精度。而原始误差在机械加工的过程中，对机械加工的质量起着重要的保障作用。对于机械元件，要按照相关规定的要求，按照材质、种类、型号、尺寸以及用途来进行分类，进而制定一定的精度范围，并且将加工的零件精度误差控制在这个范围之内。对于技术工作人员来说，要对机械加工中所产生的误差确定一个合理的范围，并且对夹具以及刀具进行合理的调整，从而将误差控制在这个合理的范围之内，最终在最大程度上降低零件的误差。只有控制住机械加工中的误差，才能在最大程度上实现对机械加工的精度控制，从而达到提高机械加工精度的目的。 During the process of production and processing machinery, for processing precision of the problem must be strictly controlled, fully considering the accuracy problem, so have to greatly improve the machining precision of the parts, so as to improve the precision of mechanical equipment. In the process of machining, the original error has an important guarantee for the quality of machining. For mechanical components, according to the requirements of the relevant provisions, in accordance with the material, type, type, size and usage to classify and to formulate a certain precision scope, and the processing precision of parts error control in this area. For technical staff, to the generated in machining error to determine a reasonable scope, and the reasonable adjustment, the fixture and tools which will error control in the reasonable scope, finally in the largest extent, reduce the error of the parts. Only by controlling the error in machining process can the precision control of mechanical machining be realized to the maximum extent, thus achieving the aim of improving machining precision. 补偿误差法 Method of compensating error 补偿误差法指的是在机械零件加工完成以后，利用加工的手段来实现误差补偿，从而实现减少零件加工中存在的误差的目的。在解决工艺的刚度问题时，补偿误差法是一个非常重要的技术措施。主要的原理是通过制造新的误差来对原始的误差进行补偿，从而达到提高精密机械加工中的精度控制水平。补偿误差法是降低机械加工误差的重要手段，在国际国内的实际中有着很广泛地应用。在国内的规定中，一般用负数来表示原始的误差，而进行补偿的误差则规定为正数，这样当原始误差与补偿误差的和越接近零的时候，机械加工的误差也就越小。 The compensation error method refers to the realization of the error compensation by means of machining after machining of the machine parts, thus realizing the purpose of reducing the error in the machining of parts. In solving the problem of the stiffness of the process, the compensation error method is a very important technical measure. The main principle is to compensate the original error by making the new error, so as to improve the precision control level of precision machining. The method of compensation error is an important means to reduce machining error, and it is widely used in international and domestic practice. In domestic regulations, general use a negative number to represent the original error, and to compensate the error of the regulation is positive, so that when the original error and error compensation approximates to zero, and the machining error is smaller. 当然，减少误差提高精度控制的方法不仅这两种，转移误差法也是一种比较常用的减少误差的方法。因此，在实际的生产过程中，要根据不同的情况，合理的选择减少误差的方法，从而实现最好的精度控制，促进精密机械加工的持续稳定发展。 Of course, it is not only the two kinds of methods to reduce errors, but also the method of reducing error. Therefore, in the actual production process, according to the different situation, the choice of reasonable methods of reduce error, so as to achieve the best control precision, promote the steady development of precision machining. |
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